These involve (1) the existence and implications of the epistemic stance of “naïve realism” or the assumption of isomorphism between subjective experience and objective reality; (2) the existence and implications of “lay dispositionism,” or more generally, the tendency of social actors and observers to attribute actions and outcomes to the attributes of the actor (or entity that is moving or changing) rather than the field of forces influencing the relevant actor or entity; (3) the existence and implications of social actors’ inclination to see their own beliefs, assessments, sentiments, and actions as coherent and consistent with a positive view of the self; and (4) the impact of expectations and beliefs on social outcomes—in particular, the role of confirmation biases and self-fulfilling prophesies.