The central distinction that Markus and Kitiyama made between independent and interdependent cultures had even been anticipated in the extensive program of research conducted by Harry Triandis on individualist versus collectivist societies (Triandis, 1968). But the specific targets of their research, especially their focus on situational versus dispositional attribution and their challenge to the notion that dispositionism was a property of basic cognitive, perceptual, and motivational processes—and the idea that the “fundamental” attribution error was not all that fundamental—could not be ignored once the research evidence began to mount.